How Often Do Septic Tanks Need to Be Replaced?

If you rely on a septic system to remove wastewater from your home, the last thing you want to see is a sink full of sewage. While backed-up sinks can often be remedied with a quick plunge when you're connected to a city sewer system, it's a little different when you own a tank.

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A well-maintained septic tank can last 40 years or longer, but sewage backup is often the first red flag that repairs or replacement are on the horizon. Understanding the signs of septic tank failure and contacting a plumber at the first sign of a problem can help ensure any issues are addressed as soon as possible.

What Is the Lifespan of a Septic Tank?

When properly maintained, standard septic systems typically last between 20 and 40 years. Factors that may affect a septic tank's lifespan include tank materials and the specific type of soil in the drainage field. For example, concrete tanks are known to last 40 years or longer, while steel septic tanks have shorter lifespans of around 15 to 20 years.

If the soil around your septic tank and in your drainage field is highly acidic, it can wear down a steel septic tank faster than a concrete or plastic tank. Committing to routine maintenance is one of the most important steps in reducing the risk of tank failure.

How Long Does a Septic Drain Field Last?

Wind River Environmental says septic drain fields (also called "leach fields") can last 20 to 30 years, as long as you keep up with the upkeep. A number of factors can shorten the lifespan of your drain field, including tree root invasion, damaged pipes and clogs.

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4 Reasons a Septic Tank Can Fail

From heavy blockages to faulty installation, there are many scenarios that can lead to septic tank failure. If your septic tank is exhibiting signs of failure, such as sewage backup in your home's sinks or toilets, standing water in your drain field or strong odors surrounding the unit, it may need repairs or a complete replacement.

Here are some common causes of septic tank failure:

Faulty Installation

If your septic tank is installed on sloped ground or the site has inadequate soil to maintain the tank, this can affect its overall operation. Over time, faulty installation and inadequate conditions may result in hydraulic failure.

Improper Maintenance

Septic system maintenance should be scheduled at least once every three to five years. This allows plumbers to effectively pump and flush the tanks and check for potential issues. A lack of maintenance can cause solid waste to harden, which creates blockages that hinder water drainage. Improper drainage can lead to a host of problems, including flooded drain fields and tank failure.

Extreme Weather Conditions

Heavy rainstorms can cause oversaturation of septic tank drainage fields and prevent them from collecting and draining wastewater. When this happens, the septic tank can malfunction and overflow.

Tree Root Invasions

Underground tree roots are constantly searching for hydration and nutrients. When septic tank lines have cracks or holes that leak moisture, it can increase the risk of tree root tendrils invading the lines. Once inside the septic line, the roots can expand, creating severe blockages and subsequent septic tank failure. In severe cases, the roots can also enter the tank itself and cause it to collapse.